Jagoran juyin mulkin kuma shugaban rikon kwarya na Burkina Faso Ibrahim Traore (a hagu) yana ganawa da shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin (dama) a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2023, a Saint Petersburg, Rasha. Yawan kasashen da suka yi juyin mulki a yankin Sahel na ci gaba da kulla yarjejeniya da Moscow.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, musamman a cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata, ‘yan tada kayar baya sun karfafa tsaro da yanayin jin kai a yankin Sahel, wanda a yanzu ake daukarsa a matsayin cibiyar jihadi a duniya. A cikin 2023, asarar da ke da alaƙa da wannan nau’in tsattsauran ra’ayi ya karu da kashi 22 cikin ɗari a duk duniya. A Afirka, sama da kashi 80 na mace-macen da ake dangantawa da kungiyoyin kishin Islama sun faru ne a yankin Sahel da Somaliya.
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A cikin rikice-rikicen yanki da rashin zaman lafiya a cikin gida, Burkina Faso – har zuwa kwanan nan ana kallonta a matsayin fitilar kwanciyar hankali – ta zama cibiyar tsattsauran ra’ayin addini a yankin Sahel. A shekarar 2023, kasar ta dauki sama da kashi 50 na kashe-kashen masu kishin Islama a yankin. Ouagadougou ta rasa iko da rabin yankinta; daya daga cikin hudu na Burkina Faso, a cikin kusan miliyan 23, na bukatar agajin jin kai, yayin da sama da miliyan 2 ke gudun hijira a cikin gida.
Canjin jinkiri
Don fahimtar halin da ake ciki, dole ne a yi la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu a baya: rarrabuwar kawuna a Libya a 2011, da kuma faduwar shugaban Burkina Faso Blaise Campaore a 2014. Rugujewar kasar Libya ta haifar da rikicin yankin Sahel, wanda ya fara daga Mali a 2012. Rashin zaman lafiya ya bazu kuma ya barke da rashin zaman lafiya. Bayan shekaru biyu guguwar zanga-zangar al’ummar kasar ta kai ga hambarar da shugaba Campaore wanda ya shafe shekaru 27 yana mulki.
Halin da Burkina Faso ke ciki ya misalta ƙalubalen da ke zuwa tare da kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-da-wane, na keɓantacce. Kusan shekaru 30 da suka gabata, an kiyaye zaman lafiya a kasar ta hanyar hada-hadar hadin gwiwa tsakanin sarakunan gargajiya da manyan sojoji da na siyasa. Wani lamari mai matukar muhimmanci shi ne sake fasalin harkokin tsaron kasar. Rushewar 2015 na Tsaron Shugaban Kasa (Regiment de Securite Presidentielle) ya kori yawancin sojojin da aka horar da su daga iko da matsayinsu.
Rikicin siyasa da na soja a cikin zamanin bayan Campaore ya kawo rashin tabbas da rashin kwanciyar hankali, yana haifar da yanayi mai dacewa da tsattsauran ra’ayi. Harin farko na cikin gida wanda kungiyar al-Qaeda a yankin Magrib (AQIM) ta dauki alhakin kai wa, ya kai wa Ouagadougou a shekara ta 2016. A shekarun baya kungiyoyin ‘yan tada kayar bayan sun fadada ayyukansu da yankunansu a yankunan arewaci da gabashin kasar masu iyaka da Mali da Nijar.
A shekara ta 2022, sakamakon siyasa na tabarbarewar tsaro ya bayyana a fili lokacin da kasar ta fuskanci juyin mulki guda biyu da shugabanni uku. Juyin mulkin farko da aka yi a watan Janairu ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar da aka shafe tsawon watanni ana yi, kuma ya gamu da sha’awar jama’a – abin da ke faruwa a yankin – wanda ya kai ga dakatar da Burkina Faso daga Tarayyar Afirka da kungiyar ECOWAS.
Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2022, yayin da ake ci gaba da tabarbarewar tsaro, wani matashin kaftin din soja, Ibrahim Traore, ya sake yin juyin mulki, wanda ake kallonsa a cikin sojan a matsayin wani karamin hafsa ya yi nasara a kan tsohon mai gadin. Mista Traore, wanda aka fi sani da “IB,” ya hau mulki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya, ya kuma yi alkawarin komawa kan tsarin mulkin kasar nan da shekarar 2024. Sai dai a watan Yunin 2024, bisa zargin bukatar tsaro, ya tsawaita wa’adin mika mulki da shekaru biyar – matakin da bai dace ba. Ƙaddamar da mulkin soja ta hanyar sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci na tsaro da kuma kawar da su, ko kuma kawar da abokan adawar da ake gani.
Ƙungiyoyin makamai masu yawa
Ana samun cikas ga kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar hadaddun mosaic na ƙasar na ‘yan wasan gida da na yanki. Tun daga shekarar 2019, an kashe fararen hula fiye da 10,000 a Burkina Faso. A cikin Fabrairun 2024, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton kisan gillar da sojoji suka yi wa farar hula 223 a lokacin ayyukan tayar da kayar baya.
A cikin watan Agusta, sama da fararen hula 100 ne aka kashe a wani hari da ‘yan kungiyar Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) da ke da alaka da al-Qaeda suka kai a Mali. Ɗaya daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwa na JNIM shine Katibat Hanifa (wanda Abu Hanifa ke jagoranta), wanda ke gabashin Burkina Faso kuma yana aiki a Benin, Togo da Ghana. Kungiyar Ansarul Islam da aka kafa a cikin gida tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne a kan iyaka da kasar Mali. A halin da ake ciki kuma, Lardin Sahel ta Islamic State tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne a kasashen Mali, Nijar da mashigin tafkin Chadi, kuma ita ce ta gaji kungiyar nan mai fafutuka ta hadin kai da jihadi a yammacin Afirka (MUJAO).
These groups, dominating vast portions of Burkinabe territory, have multiple sources of financing, including extorting local populations, artisanal gold mining, cattle rustling, kidnappings and illicit trade – namely drug trafficking. A recent United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime report highlights a dramatic increase in seizures of cocaine in the Sahel. This indicates that the extensive trafficking networks operating in the region act as links between drug producers in Latin America and consumers primarily in Europe.
Self-defense militias such as the Koglweogo (“guardians of the bush”) epitomize the rise of vigilantism amid state fragility. Formed in 2020, the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VPD), another self-defense militia, comprises tens of thousands of fighters from various ethnic groups. The VPD cooperates with the military in counter-insurgency operations, leading President Traore to face accusations of fueling violence by arming civilians.
A duk fadin kasar Burkina Faso, kasa mai fama da talauci da rashin wadataccen albarkatu, tabarbarewar tsaro a halin yanzu na kara tabarbarewa. Tashe-tashen hankula da kauracewa gidajensu sun lalata wadatar abinci, inda kashi 86 cikin 100 na al’ummar kasar suka dogara kan noman rayuwa.
Rikicin ya kuma yi illa ga hako ma’adinai, wanda ke da alhakin kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na kudaden shiga na fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje. Duk da hauhawar farashin gwal a duniya, fargabar tsaro ta kori masu zuba jari da dama kuma ta haifar da raguwar samar da gwal.
Yankunan da ake hakar zinare sun zama wuraren da ake tashe-tashen hankula yayin da kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai ke fafatawa don sarrafa nakiyoyin. Wannan “guduwar zinare” kuma ya tsananta fataucin bindigogi.
Girman yanki da na duniya
Domin samun cikakken fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a Burkina Faso, duk da haka, dole ne a yi nazarin sauyin yanki da na duniya. Burkina Faso tare da Nijar da Mali sun fice daga kungiyar ECOWAS tare da kafa kawancen kasashen Sahel. Dukkan kasashen ukun dai na karkashin mulkin soja ne.
Sai dai shirin yana da manufofin tsaro da ci gaba, ciki har da yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya da kuma inganta dunkulewar tattalin arziki mai zurfi ta hanyar ciniki da walwala.
Koyaya, wannan kuma yana ba da ƙarin haske game da haɓaka kyamar Faransa da kyamar Yammacin Turai a yankin. Kamar takwaransa kuma amininsa na Mali Assimi Goita, shugaba Traore ya yanke hulda da Faransa, inda ya kulla alaka da Rasha.
Ga Moscow, wannan sauyi yana wakiltar wata dama ta fadada tasirinsa da samun damar samun albarkatu – gami da tallafin diflomasiyya – a Afirka ta Faransa. Dakarun kasar Rasha daga kungiyar Afrika ta Kudu, wadanda suka gaji rusasshiyar kungiyar Wagner, an tura su a Burkina Faso, domin taimaka wa kokarin yaki da ‘yan tawaye da kuma samar da tsaro ga shugaban a daidai lokacin da ake ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar juyin mulki.
